What is the term for a solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a given temperature?

A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a given temperature is referred to as a saturated solution. At this point, the solution has reached equilibrium, meaning any additional solute will not dissolve and may precipitate out of the solution. The distinction of a saturated solution lies in this precise balance; it cannot hold more solute in solution without changes in conditions, such as temperature or pressure.

In contrast, an unsaturated solution contains less solute than the maximum amount that can dissolve under the same conditions, allowing for more solute to be added. A supersaturated solution is a special case where a solution contains more solute than is typically possible at a given temperature, achieved through processes like heating and then cooling under specific conditions. An aqueous solution simply describes a solution where water is the solvent but does not specify the saturation level of the solute.

Understanding these definitions and distinctions is vital in chemistry, especially when studying solubility, concentration, and solution behavior.